فصلنامه تحقیق و توسعه در حقوق تطبیقی

فصلنامه تحقیق و توسعه در حقوق تطبیقی

بررسی توافق ‌پذیری حضانت کودک در حقوق کانادا و ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان
سمیه مقدسی 1
احمد مرتاضی 2
1 فارغ التحصیل کارشناسی ارشد رشته فقه و حقوق اسلامی ،دانشگاه تبریز،تبریز، ایران
2 دانشیار گروه فقه و حقوق اسلامی، دانشگاه تبریز،تبریز، ایران
10.22034/law.2025.2060477.1648
چکیده
حضانت به معنای نگه‌داری، مراقبت و تربیت جسمی، روحی و عاطفی کودک، یکی از اساسی‌ترین مسائل در حقوق خانواده است که در آن، منافع عالیه کودک به‌عنوان مهم‌ترین ملاک تصمیم‌گیری مطرح می‌شود. این نهاد حقوقی، علاوه بر جنبه‌های عاطفی و انسانی، با پیچیدگی‌های حقوقی متعددی روبه‌رو است؛ به‌ویژه در مواردی که والدین از یکدیگر جدا می‌شوند و لازم است وضعیت حضانت کودک به‌طور مشخص تعیین گردد. در چنین شرایطی، والدین گاه تلاش می‌کنند از طریق قرارداد حضانت، شیوه‌ نگه‌داری و تربیت کودک را با توافق یکدیگر تنظیم کنند. این نوع توافق، گرچه بر اصل حاکمیت اراده در حقوق خصوصی استوار است، اما در عمل با محدودیت‌هایی همراه است. ملاحظاتی چون رعایت قوانین آمره، اخلاق حسنه، نظم عمومی و بیش از همه، تأمین مصلحت کودک، سبب می‌شود اعمال این اصل در حوزه حضانت با چالش‌هایی مواجه گردد. در حقوق ایران و فقه امامیه با وجود شناسایی اصل آزادی قراردادی، بر تقدم منافع کودک تأکید شده و توافقات والدین نمی‌توانند مغایر با این اصل باشند. در حقوق کانادا نیز با اینکه به توافق والدین احترام گذاشته می‌شود، ولی همواره نظارت نهایی دادگاه‌ها برای تضمین منافع کودک محفوظ است. این مقاله با رویکردی تطبیقی، به بررسی جایگاه اصل حاکمیت اراده در قراردادهای حضانت در نظام‌های حقوقی ایران و کانادا می‌پردازد و ضمن تحلیل مبانی نظری، به محدودیت‌ها و آثار این اصل بر اعتبار و اجرای توافقات والدین توجه می‌نماید.
کلیدواژه‌ها
قرارداد حضانت
حاکمیت اراده
توافق بر حضانت
قوانین آمره
حقوق ایران
حقوق کانادا
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