فصلنامه تحقیق و توسعه در حقوق تطبیقی

فصلنامه تحقیق و توسعه در حقوق تطبیقی

ابعاد حقوقی نقض حریم‌خصوصی توسط فناوری‌های پوششی هوش مصنوعی با تأکید بر بررسی تطبیقی رویکردها به سیاست‌گذاری

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 استادیار دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)
2 دانشجوی کارشناسی، گروه حقوق، دانشکده حقوق، پردیس خواهران، دانشگاه امام صادق (ع)، تهران، ایران.
10.22034/law.2026.2081158.1742
چکیده
گسترش روزافزون فناوری‌های پوشیدنی مبتنی بر هوش‌مصنوعی، افق‌های تازه‌ای در تعامل میان انسان و ماشین گشوده و درعین‌حال، چالش‌های عمیقی در زمینۀ حریم‌خصوصی و حمایت از داده‌های شخصی پدیدآورده‌است که تاکنون در آثار پژوهشی فارسی کمتر مورد توجه قرارگرفته‌اند و در مقالۀ حاضر، به‌عنوان نقطۀ آغاز پژوهش‌های فارسی‌زبان در این حوزه، بررسی‌می‌شود.

هدف اصلی پژوهش، تبیین ابعاد حقوقی نقض حریم‌خصوصی توسط ابزارهای پوشیدنی است؛ در این راستا رویکردهای موجود در خصوص سیاست‌گذاری در مواجهه با این پدیده به‌صورت تطبیقی مورد بررسی و تحلیل قرارگرفته و رویکرد مطلوب از نظر نویسندگان معرفی‌شده‌است. یافته‌ها نشان‌می‌دهد نگرانی‌های ناشی از ذخیره‌سازی بلندمدت داده‌ها، نحوۀ دسترسی اشخاص ثالث، مداخلۀ دولت‌ها و حساسیت اطلاعات جمع‌آوری‌شده، ضرورت بازنگری جدی در چارچوب‌های قانونی و مقرراتی موجود را توجیه‌می‌کند. پژوهش دو دسته راهکار برای صیانت از حریم‌خصوصی شناسایی‌می‌کند: نخست، راهکارهای غیرحقوقی همچون ارتقای سواد دیجیتال، خودتنظیمی کاربران و فشار هنجاری اجتماعی؛ دوم، راهکارهای حقوقی مبتنی بر سیاست‌گذاری‌های منعطف، تدریجی و متناسب با سطح واقعی خطرات و تحدید اختیارات دولت‌ها. در بخش سیاست‌گذاری، دو رویکرد اصلی مورد واکاوی قرار گرفته است: نخست، رویکرد قاعده‌گذاری پیشگیرانه یا پسینی؛ دوم، رویکرد محدودسازی داده‌ها. تحول در استانداردهای مسئولیت مدنی در دسترسی به داده‌های خصوصی از دیگر محورهای اساسی این تحلیل است. نهایتاً پژوهش بر ضرورت اتخاذ الگویی چندلایه و مشارکتی در سیاست‌گذاری تأکیددارد؛ الگویی که ضمن حفظ توازن میان امنیت داده و آزادی نوآوری، بر شفافیت نهادی، پاسخ‌گویی توسعه‌دهندگان و نظارت مستمر بر رعایت تعهدات مربوط به حریم‌خصوصی استواراست.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

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[12]        Ramirez, Edith. Chairwoman, Fed. Trade Comm’n. Protecting Consumer Privacy in a Big Data Age, Speech at the Media Institute, Washington, D.C. 12 (May 8, 2014), available at http://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/public_statements/308421/140508mediainstitute.pdf, archived at http://perma.cc/L282-DQPA.
[13]        Ramirez, Edith, Chairwoman, U.S. Fed. Trade Comm’n, The Internet of Things and the FTC: Does Innovation Require Intervention? Remarks Before the U.S. Chamber of Commerce 3 (Oct. 18, 2013), available at http://www.ftc.gov/public-statements/2013/10/internet-things-ftc-does-innovation-require-intervention-0, archived at http://perma.cc/K3NW-N8S9.
[14]        Ramirez, Edith, Chairwoman, U.S. Fed. Trade Comm’n, The Internet of Things: Privacy and Security in a Connected World 4 (Nov. 19, 2013), available at http://www.ftc.gov/public-statements/2013/11/opening-remarks-ftc-chairwoman-edith-ramirez-federal-trade-commission, archived at http://perma.cc/68H2-YW8H.
[15]        RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 652B (Am. L. Inst. 1977).
[16]        Thierer, Adam D., Testimony Before the Senate Comm. on Commerce, Sci. & Transp.: A Status Update on the Development of Voluntary Do-Not-Track Standards 2–3 (Apr. 24, 2013).
[17]        FED. TRADE COMM’N, PROJECT NO. P135405, Comments of the Future of Privacy Forum 13 (2014), available at http://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/public_comments/2014/01/00013-88250.pdf, archived at http://perma.cc/FBX3-9H93 [hereinafter Future of Privacy Forum].
[18]        Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-130 (2014) (Peeping or spying into dwelling or enclosure).

Reports:

[1]          Cate, Fred H., Peter Cullen & Viktor Mayer-Schönberger. Data Protection Principles for the 21st Century: Revising the 1980 OECD Guidelines 8 (Dec. 2013), available at http://op.bna.com/pl.nsf/id/dapn-9gyjvw/$File/Data-Protection-Principles-for-the-21st-Century.pdf, archived at http://perma.cc/258D-44NQ.
[2]          Cavoukian, Ann. Privacy by Design and the Emerging Personal Data Ecosystem 4 (Privacy by Design Oct. 2012), available at http://www.ipc.on.ca/images/Resources/pbd-pde.pdf, archived at http://permacc/K6QJ-2ND3
[3]          Caprio, Daniel W., Jr., Senior Strategic Advisor, Transatlantic Computing Continuum Policy Alliance, Letter to Donald S. Clark, Secretary, U.S. Federal Trade Commission, 3 (Jan. 10, 2014), available at: http://cppionline.org/docs/Letter-to-Secretary_Clark_final.pdf, archived at: https://perma.cc/5JL6-23K3.
[4]           Common Sense Media. Digital Literacy and Citizenship in the 21st Century: Educating, Empowering, and Protecting America’s Kids 1 (June 2009), available at https://www.itu.int/council/groups/wg-cop/second-meeting-june-2010/CommonSenseDigitalLiteracy-CitizenshipWhitePaper.pdf, archived at https://perma.cc/YTX4-YL73.
[5]          Fordham Center on Law & Information Policy (FORDHAM CLIP). Volunteer Privacy Educators Program (2013), available at http://law.fordham.edu/assets/CLIP/2013_CLIP_VPE_Complete.pdf, archived at http://perma.cc/65EC-3B.
[6]          Lenard, Thomas M. & Paul H. Rubin. The Big Data Revolution: Privacy Considerations 24 (Dec. 2013) (unpublished manuscript), available at http://www.techpolicyinstitute.org/files/lenard_rubin_thebigdatarevolutionprivacyconsiderations.pdf.
[7]          Maughan, Alistair & Ferdous Al-Faruque. The Internet of Things Part 2: The Old Problem Squared. Morrison Foerster 6 (Mar. 20, 2014), http://media.mofo.com/files/Uploads/Images/140320-The-Internet-of-the-Things-Part-2.pdf, archived at http://perma.cc/YAG8-LB8Q.
[8]          Pfeifle, Sam. How Big Data Discriminates, Int’l Ass’n Privacy Profs. (June 24, 2014), https://www.privacyassociation.org/publications/how_big_data_discriminates, archived at https://perma.cc/2UED-U2VK.
[9]          PRESIDENT’S COUNCIL OF ADVISORS ON SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (PCAST). Big Data and Privacy: A Technological Perspective 38 (May 2014), available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/PCAST/pcast_big_data_an_privacy_may_2014.pdf, archived at http://perma.cc/BK4F-RS8A.
[10]        Solove, Daniel. Privacy and Data Security Violations: What’s the Harm? LinkedIn (June 25, 2014), ttps://www.linkedin.com/today/post/article/20140625045136-2259773-privacy-and-data-security-violations-what-s-the-harm, archived at https://perma.cc/5X89-RD6A.
[11]        Thierer, Adam. Five Online Safety Task Forces Agree: Education, Empowerment & Self-Regulation Are the Answer, 16 Progress on Point, July 2009, at 1–2, available at http://www.pff.org/issues-pubs/pops/2009/pop16.13-five-online-safety-task-forces-agree.pdf, archived at http://perma.cc/P5R6-8GNR; Online Safety & Tech. Working Group, Youth Safety on a Living Internet: Report of the Online Safety and Technology Working Group 1–2 (June 4, 2010), available at  http://www.ntia.doc.gov/legacy/reports/2010/OSTWG_Final_Report_060410.pdf, archived at http://perma.cc/YG8W-NTSF.
[12]        Valenstein, Jill. Will Individual Notice and Consent Become a Relic of the Past? The White House Report on Big Data Suggests Privacy Regulation Should Focus on Data Use, Rather Than Data Collection, Privacy & Sec. L. Blog (May 20, 2014), http://www.privsecblog.com/2014/05/articles/main-topics/marketing-consumer-privacy/will-individual-notice-and-consent-become-a-relic-of-the-past-the-white-house-report-on-big-data-suggests-privacy-regulation-should-focus-on-data-use-rather-than-data-collection, archived at http://perma.cc/7Q94-XM98.
[13]        Villasenor, John. Products Liability and Driverless Cars: Issues and Guiding Principles for Legislation 7–14 (2014), available at http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2014/04/products-liability-driverless-cars-villasenor, archived at http://perma.cc/UH34-9C4R.
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